https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-64206950
Hacking deal a ‘joke’
There have been attempts to rein in hacking specifically.
In 2015 the US and China struck a deal in which both sides pledged not to carry out “cyber-enabled theft of intellectual property, including trade secrets or other confidential business information for commercial advantage”.
By the following year, the US National Security Agency had accused the Chinese of violating the agreement, although it did acknowledge that the quantity of attempts to hack government and corporate data had dropped “dramatically”.
But observers say the deal’s overall impact has been minimal. Mr Wang said it was a “joke” due to a lack of enforcement. Chinese cyber-espionage in the US has been “pervasive” and extends to academic labs. “It has been going on in every aspect of Western businesses,” he told the BBC.
However Lim Tai Wei from the National University of Singapore noted that there were no “definitive uncontested studies” on the extent of the phenomenon.
“Some believe that there was a short dip in Chinese cyber espionage against the US, but resumed its former level thereafter. Others believe it failed due to the overall breakdown in US-China relations,” he said.
Meanwhile the US is now directly trying to block China’s progress in the key semiconductor industry – vital for everything from smartphones to weapons of war – saying China’s use of the technology poses a national security threat.
In October, Washington announced some of the broadest export controls yet, requiring licences for companies exporting chips to China using US tools or software, no matter where they are made in the world. Washington’s measures also prevent US citizens and green card holders from working for certain Chinese chip companies. Green card holders are US permanent residents who have the right to work in the country.
黑客交易是”玩笑”
有人试图具体控制黑客攻击。
2015年，美国和中国达成了一项协议，双方承诺不进行”基于网络窃取知识产权，包括商业秘密或其他商业机密信息以获取商业利益”。
第二年，美国国家安全局指责中国违反了协议，尽管它承认黑客入侵政府和公司数据的次数”急剧”下降。
但观察人士说，该协议的总体影响很小。 王先生说，这是一个”笑话”，因为执法不力。 中国在美国的网络间谍活动已经”普遍存在”，并扩展到学术实验室。 他对BBC说:”西方商业的各个方面都在发生这种变化。”
然而，新加坡国立大学的Lim Tai Wei指出，对这一现象的程度没有”无可争议的确切研究”。
“一些人认为，中国针对美国的网络间谍活动曾短暂下降，但此后又恢复了原来的水平。 另一些人则认为，由于美中关系全面破裂，这次谈判失败了。
与此同时，美国现在正直接试图阻止中国在关键半导体行业的发展，因为从智能手机到战争武器，中国使用该技术对国家安全构成威胁。
10月，华盛顿宣布了迄今为止最广泛的出口管制措施，要求使用美国工具或软件向中国出口芯片的公司获得许可证，无论这些芯片是在世界任何地方生产的。 华盛顿的措施还阻止美国公民和绿卡持有者为某些中国芯片公司工作。 绿卡持有人是美国永久居民，他们有权在该国工作。
